strftime
formats date
according to the directives in the given date format string. The directives begin with a percent (%) character. Any text not listed as a directive will be passed through to the output string.
A directive consists of a percent (%) character, zero or more flags, an optional minimum field width, an optional modifier, and a conversion specifier as follows.
Flags
-
=> don’t pad a numerical output._
=> use spaces for padding.0
=> use zeros for padding.^
=> upcase the result string.#
=> change case.Different Date Format Directives:
%Y
– Year with century (can be negative, 4 digits at least)-0001, 0000, 1995, 2009, 14292, etc.
%C
– year / 100 (round down. 20 in 2009)%y
– year % 100 (00..99)%m
– Month of the year, zero-padded (01..12)%_m
blank-padded ( 1..12)%-m
no-padded (1..12)
%B
– The full month name (“January”)
%^B
uppercased (“JANUARY”)
%b
– The abbreviated month name (“Jan”)
%^b
uppercased (“JAN”)
%h
– Equivalent to %b
%d
– Day of the month, zero-padded (01..31)
%-d
no-padded (1..31)
%e
– Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)
%j
– Day of the year (001..366)
Time Format Directives:
%H
– Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, zero-padded (00..23) %k
– Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23) %I
– Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, zero-padded (01..12) %l
– Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 1..12)%P
– Meridian indicator, lowercase (“am” or “pm”) %p
– Meridian indicator, uppercase (“AM” or “PM”)%M
– Minute of the hour (00..59)%S
– Second of the minute (00..59)
%L
– Millisecond of the second (000..999)
%N
– Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)
%3N
millisecond (3 digits) %15N femtosecond (15 digits)
%6N
microsecond (6 digits) %18N attosecond (18 digits)
%9N
nanosecond (9 digits) %21N zeptosecond (21 digits)
%12N
picosecond (12 digits) %24N yoctosecond (24 digits)
Time zone Format Directives:
%z
– Time zone as hour and minute offset from UTC (e.g. +0900)%:z
– hour and minute offset from UTC with a colon (e.g. +09:00)%::z
– hour, minute and second offset from UTC (e.g. +09:00:00)%:::z
– hour, minute and second offset from UTC(e.g. +09, +09:30, +09:30:30)
%Z
– Equivalent to %:z (e.g. +09:00)Weekday Format Directives:
%A
– The full weekday name (“Sunday”)%^A
uppercased (“SUNDAY”)%a
– The abbreviated name (“Sun”)%^a
uppercased (“SUN”)%u
– Day of the week (Monday is 1, 1..7)%w
– Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)ISO 8601 week-based year and week number:The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Monday and includes YYYY-01-04.The days in the year before the first week are in the last week of
the previous year.
%G
– The week-based year%g
– The last 2 digits of the week-based year (00..99)%V
– Week number of the week-based year (01..53)
Week number:
The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Sunday or Monday (according to %Uor %W).
The days in the year before the first week are in week 0.
%U
– Week number of the year. The week starts with Sunday. (00..53)
%W
– Week number of the year. The week starts with Monday. (00..53)
Seconds since the Unix Epoch:
%s
– Number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
%Q
– Number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
Literal string Format:
%n
– Newline character (\n) %t
– Tab character (\t) %%
– Literal “%” characterDifferecnt Combination Formats:
%c
– date and time (%a %b %e %T %Y) %D
– Date (%m/%d/%y) %F
– The ISO 8601 date format (%Y-%m-%d) %v
– VMS date (%e-%b-%Y) %x
– Same as %D%X
– Same as %T %r
– 12-hour time (%I:%M:%S %p) %R
– 24-hour time (%H:%M) %T
– 24-hour time (%H:%M:%S) %+
– date(1) (%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y)This method is similar to the strftime()
function defined in ISO C and POSIX. Several directives (%a, %A, %b, %B, %c, %p, %r, %x, %X, %E*, %O* and %Z)
are locale dependent in the function. However, this method is locale independent. So, the result may differ even if the same format string is used in other systems such as C
. It is good practice to avoid %x
and %X
because there are corresponding locale independent representations, %D
and %T
.
Various ISO 8601 formats:
%Y%m%d
=> 20071119 Calendar date (basic)%F
=> 2007-11-19 Calendar date (extended)%Y-%m
=> 2007-11 Calendar date, reduced accuracy, specific month%Y
=> 2007 Calendar date, reduced accuracy, specific year%C
=> 20 Calendar date, reduced accuracy, specific century%Y%j
=> 2007323 Ordinal date (basic)%Y-%j
=> 2007-323 Ordinal date (extended)%GW%V%u
=> 2007W471 Week date (basic)%G-W%V-%u
=> 2007-W47-1 Week date (extended)%GW%V
=> 2007W47 Week date, reduced accuracy, specific week (basic)%G-W%V
=> 2007-W47 Week date, reduced accuracy, specific week (extended)%H%M%S
=> 083748 Local time (basic)%T
=> 08:37:48 Local time (extended)%H%M
=> 0837 Local time, reduced accuracy, specific minute (basic)%H:%M
=> 08:37 Local time, reduced accuracy, specific minute (extended)%H
=> 08 Local time, reduced accuracy, specific hour%H%M%S,%L
=> 083748,000 Local time with decimal fraction, comma as decimal sign (basic)%T,%L
=> 08:37:48,000 Local time with decimal fraction, comma as decimal sign (extended)%H%M%S.%L
=> 083748.000 Local time with decimal fraction, full stop as decimal sign (basic)%T.%L
=> 08:37:48.000 Local time with decimal fraction, full stop as decimal sign (extended)%H%M%S%z
=> 083748-0600 Local time and the difference from UTC (basic)%T%:z
=> 08:37:48-06:00 Local time and the difference from UTC (extended)%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%z
=> 20071119T083748-0600 Date and time of day for calendar date (basic)%FT%T%:z
=> 2007-11-19T08:37:48-06:00 Date and time of day for calendar date (extended)%Y%jT%H%M%S%z
=> 2007323T083748-0600 Date and time of day for ordinal date (basic)%Y-%jT%T%:z
=> 2007-323T08:37:48-06:00 Date and time of day for ordinal date (extended)%GW%V%uT%H%M%S%z
=> 2007W471T083748-0600 Date and time of day for week date (basic)%G-W%V-%uT%T%:z
=> 2007-W47-1T08:37:48-06:00 Date and time of day for week date (extended)%Y%m%dT%H%M
=> 20071119T0837 Calendar date and local time (basic)%FT%R
=> 2007-11-19T08:37 Calendar date and local time (extended)%Y%jT%H%MZ
=> 2007323T0837Z Ordinal date and UTC of day (basic)%Y-%jT%RZ
=> 2007-323T08:37Z Ordinal date and UTC of day (extended)%GW%V%uT%H%M%z
=> 2007W471T0837-0600 Week date and local time and difference from UTC (basic)%G-W%V-%uT%R%:z
=> 2007-W47-1T08:37-06:00 Week date and local time and difference from UTC (extended)